Emotional distress and cardiovascular disease risk among participants enrolled in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) study.

Crespo-Ramos G, Bebu I, Krause-Steinrauf H, Hoogendoorn CJ, Fang R, Ehrmann D, Presley C, Naik AD, Katona A, Walker EA, Cherrington A, Gonzalez JS, GRADE Research Group. Emotional distress and cardiovascular disease risk among participants enrolled in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) study. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2023 Sep 1; 203:110808.

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Abstract:

AIMS: People with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined depressive symptoms (DS) and diabetes distress (DD) in relation to the estimated 10-year risk of CVD in adults with T2DM enrolled in the GRADE Emotional Distress Substudy. METHODS: Linear regression models examined the associations of baseline DS and DD with estimated 10-year risk of CVD using the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk score, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, diabetes duration, diabetes-related complications, and HbA1c. RESULTS: A total of 1,605 GRADE participants were included: 54% Non-Latino (NL) White, 18% Latino, 19% NL-Black, 66% male, mean age 57.5 (SD  =  10.25) years, diabetes duration 4.2 (SD  =  2.8) years, and HbA1c 7.5% (SD  =  0.5%). After incorporating covariates, only DS, especially cognitive-affective symptoms, were associated with ASCVD risk (estimate  =  0.15 [95% CI: 0.04, 0.025], p  =  0.006). Higher DS remained significantly associated with higher ASCVD risk when adding DD to covariates (estimate  =  0.19 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.30], p  =  0.002). DD was not associated with ASCVD risk when accounting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms, particularly cognitive-affective symptoms, are associated with increased 10-year predicted ASCVD risk among adults with early T2DM. Diabetes distress is not significantly associated with the predicted ASCVD risk when accounting for covariates.