BACKGROUND/RATIONALE:
Despite the availability of evidence-based strategies to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), engagement in these strategies is low among at-risk Veterans. A key opportunity to engage at-risk Veterans in interventions to prevent T2DM is when they are informed they have prediabetes. It remains unclear how VHA communications to patients diagnosed with prediabetes could be optimized to improve their engagement in evidence-based preventive strategies.
OBJECTIVE(S):
Aim 1: To describe at-risk Veterans' current engagement in behaviors to prevent T2DM and the mediators of this engagement. Aim 2: To examine the effects of receipt of a prediabetes diagnosis on at-risk Veterans' weight and engagement in behaviors to prevent T2DM. Aim 3: To identify the effects of 5 strategies from behavioral economics and health psychology on weight, HbA1c, and engagement in behaviors to prevent T2DM among Veterans with prediabetes.
METHODS:
To accomplish Aim 1, we surveyed 369 non-diabetic Veterans with risk factors for T2DM about their engagement in behaviors to prevent T2DM and mediators of this engagement such as risk perception, motivation, and awareness of and preferences for preventive strategies. To accomplish Aim 2, we are conducting a pilot randomized trial among 315 non-diabetic Veterans from Project 1 in which 252 of these Veterans were randomly assigned to undergo screening for T2DM using a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test. The 107 Veterans who were found to have HbA1c values in the prediabetes range received that diagnosis and preventive recommendations via brief standardized counseling. All 315 Veterans are having their weight tracked over the next year and are being surveyed immediately after the screening and brief counseling process, at 3 months, and at 1 year. In our analyses we will compare changes in weight, engagement in behaviors to prevent T2DM, and mediators of this engagement between the 107 Veterans found to have prediabetes and the 63 Veterans who were not screened. Among the 107 Veterans with prediabetes, we conducted 20 semi-structured interviews to gain insights into the effects of this diagnosis and brief counseling. To accomplish Aim 3, we are conducting a factorial design experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of 5 innovative strategies from behavioral economics and health psychology in promoting initial engagement in behaviors to prevent T2DM among 144 Veterans who at baseline had a recent HbA1c test result in the prediabetes range but were not engaged in an evidence-based strategy to prevent T2DM.
FINDINGS/RESULTS:
Not yet available.
IMPACT:
Prevention of T2DM is an important way to improve Veterans' health and limit the burden of T2DM on the VHA. In this CDA, we will identify new opportunities for improving Veteran engagement in evidence-based ways to prevent T2DM. Insights generated from this research will be exportable to other high-priority conditions in which Veteran engagement in preventive behaviors is essential and could be improved.
External Links for this Project
NIH Reporter
Grant Number: IK2HX001517-01A1
Link: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8868405
PUBLICATIONS:
Journal Articles
- Kullgren JT, Harkins KA, Bellamy SL, Gonzales A, Tao Y, Zhu J, Volpp KG, Asch DA, Heisler M, Karlawish J. A mixed-methods randomized controlled trial of financial incentives and peer networks to promote walking among older adults. Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education. 2014 Oct 1; 41(1 Suppl):43S-50S. [view]
- Griauzde D, Kullgren JT, Liestenfeltz B, Ansari T, Johnson EH, Fedewa A, Saslow LR, Richardson C, Heisler M. A Mobile Phone-Based Program to Promote Healthy Behaviors Among Adults With Prediabetes Who Declined Participation in Free Diabetes Prevention Programs: Mixed-Methods Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2019 Jan 9; 7(1):e11267. [view]
- Griauzde DH, Kullgren JT, Liestenfeltz B, Richardson C, Heisler M. A mobile phone-based program to promote healthy behaviors among adults with prediabetes: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Pilot and feasibility studies. 2018 Feb 13; 4:48. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Troxel AB, Loewenstein G, Norton LA, Gatto D, Tao Y, Zhu J, Schofield H, Shea JA, Asch DA, Pellathy T, Driggers J, Volpp KG. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Employer Matching of Employees' Monetary Contributions to Deposit Contracts to Promote Weight Loss. American Journal of Health Promotion : AJHP. 2016 Jul 1; 30(6):441-52. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Hafez D, Fedewa A, Heisler M. A Scoping Review of Behavioral Economic Interventions for Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Current Diabetes Reports. 2017 Sep 1; 17(9):73. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Cliff BQ, Krenz CD, Levy H, West B, Fendrick AM, So J, Fagerlin A. A Survey Of Americans With High-Deductible Health Plans Identifies Opportunities To Enhance Consumer Behaviors. Health affairs (Project Hope). 2019 Mar 1; 38(3):416-424. [view]
- Harkins KA, Kullgren JT, Bellamy SL, Karlawish J, Glanz K. A Trial of Financial and Social Incentives to Increase Older Adults' Walking. American journal of preventive medicine. 2017 May 1; 52(5):e123-e130. [view]
- Griauzde DH, Hershey C, Michaels J, Evans RR, Richardson CR, Heisler M, Kullgren JT, Saslow LR. A very low-carbohydrate diabetes prevention program for veterans with prediabetes: a single-arm mixed methods pilot study. Frontiers in nutrition. 2023 May 17; 10:1069266. [view]
- Tipirneni R, Politi MC, Kullgren JT, Kieffer EC, Goold SD, Scherer AM. Association Between Health Insurance Literacy and Avoidance of Health Care Services Owing to Cost. JAMA Network Open. 2018 Nov 2; 1(7):e184796. [view]
- Hafez D, Heisler M, Choi H, Ankuda CK, Winkelman T, Kullgren JT. Association Between Purpose in Life and Glucose Control Among Older Adults. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2018 Mar 15; 52(4):309-318. [view]
- Tipirneni R, Ayanian JZ, Patel MR, Kieffer EC, Kirch MA, Bryant C, Kullgren JT, Clark SJ, Lee S, Solway E, Chang T, Haggins AN, Luster J, Beathard E, Goold SD. Association of Medicaid Expansion With Enrollee Employment and Student Status in Michigan. JAMA Network Open. 2020 Jan 3; 3(1):e1920316. [view]
- Cliff BQ, Krenz C, West BT, Levy H, Fendrick AM, Winkelman TNA, So J, Fagerlin A, Kullgren JT. Attitudes About Consumer Strategies Among Americans in High-deductible Health Plans. Medical care. 2019 Mar 1; 57(3):187-193. [view]
- Johnson KE, Malani PN, Kirch M, Solway E, Singer DC, Kullgren JT. Attitudes toward policies to encourage influenza vaccination in long-term care facilities: A national survey of US adults aged 50-80 years. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. 2023 May 1; 44(5):830-833. [view]
- Hoffman GJ, Malani PN, Solway E, Kirch M, Singer DC, Kullgren JT. Changes in activity levels, physical functioning, and fall risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2022 Jan 1; 70(1):49-59. [view]
- Tipirneni R, Kullgren JT, Ayanian JZ, Kieffer EC, Rosland AM, Chang T, Haggins AN, Clark SJ, Lee S, Solway E, Kirch MA, Mrukowicz C, Beathard E, Sears E, Goold SD. Changes in Health and Ability to Work Among Medicaid Expansion Enrollees: a Mixed Methods Study. Journal of general internal medicine. 2019 Feb 1; 34(2):272-280. [view]
- Kerr EA, Kullgren JT, Saini SD. Choosing Wisely: How To Fulfill The Promise In The Next 5 Years. Health affairs (Project Hope). 2017 Nov 1; 36(11):2012-2018. [view]
- Sears ED, Caverly TJ, Kullgren JT, Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Prenovost K, Kerr EA. Clinicians' Perceptions of Barriers to Avoiding Inappropriate Imaging for Low Back Pain-Knowing Is Not Enough. JAMA internal medicine. 2016 Dec 1; 176(12):1866-1868. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Fagerlin A, Kerr EA. Completing the MISSION: a Blueprint for Helping Veterans Make the Most of New Choices. Journal of general internal medicine. 2020 May 1; 35(5):1567-1570. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Cliff EQ, Krenz C, West BT, Levy H, Fendrick AM, Fagerlin A. Consumer Behaviors Among Individuals Enrolled in High-Deductible Health Plans in the United States. JAMA internal medicine. 2018 Mar 1; 178(3):424-426. [view]
- Hirth RA, Cliff BQ, Kullgren JT, Ayanian JZ. Cost-sharing With Medicaid Expansion in Michigan: Obligations and Propensity to Pay. Medical care. 2021 Sep 1; 59(9):785-788. [view]
- Scherer LD, Caverly TJ, Burke J, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Kullgren JT, Steinley D, McCarthy DM, Roney M, Fagerlin A. Development of the Medical Maximizer-Minimizer Scale. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2016 Nov 1; 35(11):1276-1287. [view]
- Atkins D, Kullgren JT, Simpson L. Enhancing the role of research in a learning health care system. Healthcare (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2021 Jun 23; 8 Suppl 1:100556. [view]
- Patel MR, Tipirneni R, Kieffer EC, Kullgren JT, Ayanian JZ, Chang T, Solway E, Beathard E, Kirch M, Lee S, Clark S, Skillicorn J, Rowe Z, Goold SD. Examination of Changes in Health Status Among Michigan Medicaid Expansion Enrollees From 2016 to 2017. JAMA Network Open. 2020 Jul 1; 3(7):e208776. [view]
- Allen JO, Solway E, Kirch M, Singer D, Kullgren JT, Moïse V, Malani PN. Experiences of Everyday Ageism and the Health of Older US Adults. JAMA Network Open. 2022 Jun 1; 5(6):e2217240. [view]
- Scherer AM, Solway E, Malani PN, Luster J, Kullgren JT, Kirch M, Tipirneni R. Factors Associated with Health Insurance Affordability Concerns Among U.S. Adults Age 50-64: a Cross-Sectional, Nationally Representative Study. Journal of general internal medicine. 2021 Feb 1; 36(2):546-548. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Dicks TN, Fu X, Richardson D, Tzanis GL, Tobi M, Marcus SC. Financial incentives for completion of fecal occult blood tests among veterans: a 2-stage, pragmatic, cluster, randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2014 Nov 18; 161(10 Suppl):S35-43. [view]
- Green BB, Anderson ML, Cook AJ, Chubak J, Fuller S, Kimbel KJ, Kullgren JT, Meenan RT, Vernon SW. Financial Incentives to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening Uptake and Decrease Disparities: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2019 Jul 3; 2(7):e196570. [view]
- Leung CW, Kullgren JT, Malani PN, Singer DC, Kirch M, Solway E, Wolfson JA. Food insecurity is associated with multiple chronic conditions and physical health status among older US adults. Preventive medicine reports. 2020 Dec 1; 20:101211. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Youles B, Shetty S, Richardson C, Fagerlin A, Heisler M. ForgIng New paths in DIabetes PrevenTion (FINDIT): Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Trials. 2017 Apr 8; 18(1):167. [view]
- Tipirneni R, Solway E, Malani P, Luster J, Kullgren JT, Kirch M, Singer D, Scherer AM. Health Insurance Affordability Concerns and Health Care Avoidance Among US Adults Approaching Retirement. JAMA Network Open. 2020 Feb 5; 3(2):e1920647. [view]
- Segel JE, Kullgren JT. Health Insurance Deductibles and Their Associations With Out-of-Pocket Spending and Affordability Barriers Among US Adults With Chronic Conditions. JAMA internal medicine. 2017 Mar 1; 177(3):433-436. [view]
- Agochukwu-Mmonu N, Malani PN, Wittmann D, Kirch M, Kullgren J, Singer D, Solway E. Interest in Sex and Conversations About Sexual Health with Health Care Providers Among Older U.S. Adults. Clinical Gerontologist. 2021 May 1; 44(3):299-306. [view]
- Scherer LD, Kullgren JT, Caverly T, Scherer AM, Shaffer VA, Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Medical Maximizing-Minimizing Preferences Predict Responses to Information about Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening. Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making. 2018 Aug 1; 38(6):708-718. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Malani P, Kirch M, Singer D, Clark S, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Kerr EA. Older Adults' Perceptions of Overuse. Journal of general internal medicine. 2020 Jan 1; 35(1):365-367. [view]
- Shay LA, Kimbel KJ, Dorsey CN, Jauregui LC, Vernon SW, Kullgren JT, Green BB. Patients' Reactions to Being Offered Financial Incentives to Increase Colorectal Screening: A Qualitative Analysis. American Journal of Health Promotion : AJHP. 2021 Mar 1; 35(3):421-429. [view]
- Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Kullgren JT, Fagerlin A, Klamerus ML, Bernstein SJ, Kerr EA. Perceived Barriers to Implementing Individual Choosing Wisely® Recommendations in Two National Surveys of Primary Care Providers. Journal of general internal medicine. 2017 Feb 1; 32(2):210-217. [view]
- Maust DT, Solway E, Langa KM, Kullgren JT, Kirch M, Singer DC, Malani P. Perception of Dementia Risk and Preventive Actions Among US Adults Aged 50 to 64 Years. JAMA neurology. 2020 Feb 1; 77(2):259-262. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Krupka E, Schachter A, Linden A, Miller J, Acharya Y, Alford J, Duffy R, Adler-Milstein J. Precommitting to choose wisely about low-value services: a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial. BMJ quality & safety. 2018 May 1; 27(5):355-364. [view]
- Springer MV, Malani P, Solway E, Kirch M, Singer DC, Kullgren JT, Levine DA. Prevalence and Frequency of Self-measured Blood Pressure Monitoring in US Adults Aged 50-80 Years. JAMA Network Open. 2022 Sep 1; 5(9):e2231772. [view]
- Goold SD, Tipirneni R, Chang T, Kirch MA, Bryant C, Rowe Z, Beathard E, Solway E, Lee S, Clark SJ, Skillicorn J, Ayanian JZ, Kullgren JT. Primary Care, Health Promotion, and Disease Prevention with Michigan Medicaid Expansion. Journal of general internal medicine. 2020 Mar 1; 35(3):800-807. [view]
- Ehrlich JR, Ndukwe T, Solway E, Woodward MA, Singer DC, Newman-Casey PA, Kirch M, Delott LB, Kullgren JT, Stagg BC, Musch DC, Malani PN. Self-reported Eye Care Use Among US Adults Aged 50 to 80 Years. JAMA ophthalmology. 2019 Sep 1; 137(9):1061-1066. [view]
- Becker NV, Asch DA, Kullgren JT, Bellamy SL, Sen AP, Volpp KG. Stages of change and patient activation measure scores in the context of incentive-based health interventions. American Journal of Health Promotion : AJHP. 2015 Nov 1; 30(2):133-5. [view]
- Heisler M, Kullgren J, Richardson C, Stoll S, Alvarado Nieves C, Wiley D, Sedgwick T, Adams A, Hedderson M, Kim E, Rao M, Schmittdiel JA. Study protocol: Using peer support to aid in prevention and treatment in prediabetes (UPSTART). Contemporary clinical trials. 2020 Aug 1; 95:106048. [view]
- Allen JO, Solway E, Kirch M, Singer D, Kullgren JT, Malani PN. The Everyday Ageism Scale: Development and Evaluation. Journal of aging and health. 2022 Mar 1; 34(2):147-157. [view]
- Scherer LD, Shaffer VA, Caverly T, Scherer AM, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Kullgren JT, Fagerlin A. The role of the affect heuristic and cancer anxiety in responding to negative information about medical tests. Psychology & Health. 2018 Feb 1; 33(2):292-312. [view]
- Hafez D, Nelson DB, Martin EG, Cohen AJ, Northway R, Kullgren JT. Understanding type 2 diabetes mellitus screening practices among primary care physicians: a qualitative chart-stimulated recall study. BMC family practice. 2017 Apr 4; 18(1):50. [view]
- Malani P, Solway E, Kirch M, Singer DC, Kullgren JT. Use and perceptions of antibiotics among US adults aged 50-80 years. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. 2021 May 1; 42(5):628-629. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Cliff EQ, Krenz C, West BT, Levy H, Fendrick M, Fagerlin A. Use of Health Savings Accounts Among US Adults Enrolled in High-Deductible Health Plans. JAMA Network Open. 2020 Jul 1; 3(7):e2011014. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Malani PN, Kirch M, Singer D, Solway E, Hanauer DA. Use of Online Physician Ratings and Reviews by Older U.S. Adults: Results of a National Survey. Annals of internal medicine. 2021 Aug 1; 174(8):1180-1182. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Kim HM, Slowey M, Colbert J, Soyster B, Winston SA, Ryan K, Forman JH, Riba M, Krupka E, Kerr EA. Using Behavioral Economics to Reduce Low-Value Care Among Older Adults: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA internal medicine. 2024 Mar 1; 184(3):281-290. [view]
- Berinstein JA, Cohen-Mekelburg SA, Steiner CA, McLeod M, Noureldin M, Allen JI, Kullgren JT, Waljee AK, Higgins PDR. Variations in Health Care Utilization Patterns Among Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients at Risk for High Medical Service Utilization Enrolled in High Deductible Health Plans. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2021 May 17; 27(6):771-778. [view]
- Hafez D, Fedewa A, Moran M, O'Brien M, Ackermann R, Kullgren JT. Workplace Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Narrative Review. Current Diabetes Reports. 2017 Feb 1; 17(2):9. [view]
Journal Other
- Caverly TJ, Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Kirsh S, Kullgren JT, Prenovost K, Kerr EA. Appropriate Prescribing for Patients With Diabetes at High Risk for Hypoglycemia: National Survey of Veterans Affairs Health Care Professionals. [Letter to the Editor]. JAMA internal medicine. 2015 Dec 1; 175(12):1994-6. [view]
- Bowen ME, Schmittdiel JA, Kullgren JT, Ackermann RT, O'Brien MJ. Building Toward a Population-Based Approach to Diabetes Screening and Prevention for US Adults. Current Diabetes Reports. 2018 Sep 19; 18(11):104. [view]
- Kullgren JT. Helping Consumers Make High-Value Health Care Choices: The Devil Is in the Details. [Editorial]. Health services research. 2018 Aug 1; 53 Suppl 1:2655-2661. [view]
- Kullgren JT. Injecting Facts Into the Heated Debates Over Medicaid Expansion. [Editorial]. Annals of internal medicine. 2016 Jun 21; 164(12):848-9. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Hwang A, Kozhimannil KB. Innovations to more effectively engage patients and caregivers across the health care spectrum. [Editorial]. Healthcare (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2016 Mar 1; 4(1):1-2. [view]
Online News Media Articles
- Kullgren JT. Medicaid expansion encourages more poor adults to seek health care. Washington Post [Internet]. 2016 Apr 18. [view]
- Kullgren JT. Medicaid expansions improve insurance and outcomes for poor. Medscape [Internet]. 2016 Apr 19. Available from: http://search.medscape.com/search/?q=Medicaid expansion improves insurance. [view]
Conference Presentations
- Kullgren JT, Knaus M, Rahrig Jenkins K, Heisler MM. A Mixed Methods Study of Initial Engagement in Behaviors to Prevent Diabetes among Employees with Prediabetes. Paper presented at: Society of General Internal Medicine Annual Meeting; 2016 May 11; Hollywood, FL. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Krupka E, Schachter A, Linden A, Miller J, Alford J, Adler-Milstein J. A Randomized Trial of a Behavioral Economic Intervention to Decrease Overuse of Low-Value Health Services. Poster session presented at: Society of General Internal Medicine Annual Meeting; 2016 May 11; Hollywood, FL. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Krupka E, Schachter A, Linden A, Miller J, Alford J, Adler-Milstein J. A Randomized Trial of a Behavioral Economic Intervention to Decrease Overuse of Low-Value Health Services. Poster session presented at: AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting; 2016 Jun 26; Boston, MA. [view]
- Caverly T, Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Kirsh SR, Kullgren JT, Bernstein SJ, Prenovost K, Kerr EA. Appropriate Prescribing for Diabetic Patients at High-Risk for Hypoglycemic: National Survey of VA Primary Care Providers. Poster session presented at: VA HSR&D / QUERI National Meeting; 2015 Jul 10; Philadelphia, PA. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Krupka E, Schachter A, Linden A, Miller J, Alford J, Duffy R, Adler-Milstein J. Commitment to Choosing Wisely® is a low cost, scalable strategy that can decrease clinician ordering of services that can lead to over diagnosis. Paper presented at: Preventing Overdiagnosis Annual Conference; 2016 Sep 20; Barcelona, Spain. [view]
- Kieffer E, Scherer A, Kullgren JT, Clark S, Rowe Z, Beathard E, Olorode T, Szymecko L, Zamora MV, Solway E, Ayanian J, Goold S. Early Experiences of Michigan’s Medicaid Expansion Beneficiaries with Cost-Sharing and Financial Incentives for Healthy Behaviors. Poster session presented at: Society of General Internal Medicine Annual Meeting; 2016 May 11; Hollywood, FL. [view]
- Kieffer E, Scherer A, Kullgren JT, Clark S, Rowe Z, Beathard E, Olorode T, Zamora MV, Solway E, Ayanian J, Goold S. Early Experiences of Michigan’s Medicaid Expansion Beneficiaries with Cost-Sharing and Financial Incentives for Healthy Behaviors. Poster session presented at: AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting; 2016 Jun 26; Boston, MA. [view]
- Segel JE, Kullgren JT. Effects of high-deductible health plan enrollment on out-of-pocket spending and high medical cost burdens among Americans with chronic conditions. Poster session presented at: AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting; 2016 Jun 26; Boston, MA. [view]
- Kullgren JT, Cliff EQ, So J, Saksewski S, Peterson T, Singh S. Exploring Early Small Business Decisions under the Affordable Care Act. Poster session presented at: AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting; 2016 Jun 26; Boston, MA. [view]
- Scherer LD, Burke J, Caverly T, Kullgren JT, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Roney M, Fagerlin A. Influence of information about risks, lack of benefits, and expert recommendations on uptake of cancer screening tests. Paper presented at: Preventing Overdiagnosis Annual Conference; 2015 Sep 1; Bethesda, MD. [view]
DRA:
Aging, Older Veterans' Health and Care, Diabetes and Other Endocrine Conditions
DRE:
Prevention
Keywords:
QUERI Implementation
MeSH Terms:
none
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