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Williams LH, Rutter CM, Katon WJ, Reiber GE, Ciechanowski P, Heckbert SR, Lin EH, Ludman EJ, Oliver MM, Young BA, Von Korff M. Depression and incident diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective cohort study. The American journal of medicine. 2010 Aug 1; 123(8):748-754.e3.
Major depression by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 is associated with a 2-fold higher risk of incident diabetic foot ulcers. Future studies of this association should include better measures of peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease, which are possible confounders or mediators.