• Kinney AR, Brenner LA, Deka R, Yan XD, Forster JE, Ulmer CS, Pfeiffer PN, Ganoczy D, Martin JL, Yepson H, Bahraini NH. Guideline-Concordant Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in the Veterans Health Administration Polytrauma/Traumatic Brain Injury System of Care. Behavioral sleep medicine. 2025 Sep 26; 1-14, DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2025.2563555.
• Dismuke-Greer CE, Almeida E, Ryan JL, Nakase-Richardson R. Department of Defense Military Treatment Facility and Community Care Costs After Traumatic Brain Injury in Service Members and Veterans Treated in Veterans Affairs Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers: A VA TBI Model Systems Study. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2025 Jul 1; 40(4):E300-E307, DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000001028.
• Tsen J, Finn JA, Klocksieben FA, O'Neil-Pirozzi TM, Sander AM, Agtarap SD, Dreer LE, Cotner BA, Vargas TA, Dini ME, Perrin PB, Nakase-Richardson R. Long-Term Family Needs After a Traumatic Brain Injury: A VA TBI Model Systems Study. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2025 Jul 1; 40(4):258-268, DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000001015.
• Kinney AR, Brenner LA, Nance M, Mignogna J, Cobb AD, Forster JE, Ulmer CS, Nakase-Richardson R, Bahraini NH. Decisional Needs of Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Initiating Treatment for Insomnia Disorder and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2024 Jul 3.
• Dismuke-Greer CE, Almeida EJ, Silva MA, Dams-O'Connor K, Rocek G, Phillips LM, Del Negro A, Walker WC, Nakase-Richardson R. Effect of Post-traumatic Amnesia Duration on Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) First Year Hospital Costs: A Veterans Affairs Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2023 Jul 1; 104(7):1007-1015.

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• Risk Factors for Suicide-Related Behavior among OEF/OIF Veterans with “Polytrauma Clinical Triad”
  The co-occurrence of PTSD, TBI, and chronic pain is known as the “Polytrauma Clinical Triad” (PCT). This study examined the association of these conditions, independently and in interaction with other conditions, with the risk of suicide-related behavior (SRB) among OEF/OIF Veterans. Findings showed that the PCT was a moderate predictor of suicide-related behavior, but did not appear to increase r...
  
  Date: July 17, 2014
• Prevalence of “Polytrauma Triad” among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans
  This study sought to determine the prevalence of TBI, PTSD, and pain among Veterans from the OEF/OIF/OND wars, who received VA healthcare. Findings showed that large and increasing numbers of OEF/OIF/OND Veterans accessed the VA healthcare system over the three-year study period. Of these Veterans, about 10% were diagnosed with TBI, 30% with PTSD, and 40% with pain. Approximately 6% had all thre...
  
  Date: January 1, 2014
• Low Rates of VA Vocational Service Use among OEF/OIF Veterans with Mental Health Conditions
  This study assessed nationwide patterns of supported employment and vocational service use among OEF/OIF Veterans with the top four mental health conditions: PTSD, depression, substance use disorder, or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Findings showed that of the Veterans with mental health diagnoses included in this study, only 8% had a vocational services encounter during the study period, with 2% ...
  
  Date: August 1, 2013
• Some VA Polytrauma Team Members Caring for Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury at Risk for Job Burnout
  This study sought to examine the extent of job burnout among VA polytrauma team members engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury – and to identify their coping strategies for dealing with job-related stress. Findings showed that VA polytrauma team members experienced moderate levels of emotional exhaustion, low levels of depersonalization, and high levels of personal accomp...
  
  Date: March 1, 2013
• Significant Financial Burden for Caregivers of Veterans with Polytrauma and Traumatic Brain Injury
  This study (conducted prior to the implementation of stipends from the Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act) evaluated the prevalence of financial strain as measured by asset depletion and/or debt accumulation, and labor force exit among caregivers of Veterans with polytrauma and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Findings showed that financial strain is common for caregivers: 62% report...
  
  Date: February 1, 2013

» View more Publication Briefs

» View more Studies

Compendium - Interventions to Promote Community Reintegration Among Veterans with PTSD, TBI, SCI, or Polytrauma (04-01-2020)

Systematic Review - Interventions to Support Caregivers or Families of Patients with TBI, PTSD, or Polytrauma (02-01-2018)

Systematic Review: Interventions to Support Caregivers or Families of Patients with TBI, PTSD, or Polytrauma (10-23-2017)

Pain in Patients with Polytrauma: A Systematic Review (09-22-2008)

HSR&D Research Briefs (03-23-2006)

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Other Resources

• Visit the website for VA’s Polytrauma/TBI System of Care.
• Understand how VA defines polytrauma.
• Find out more about the Polytrauma System of Care’s components.