Primary Care in VA
Primer |
Citation information: This Primary Care Primer was originally published in 1995. It is reproduced here
in full for free use and distribution. When using or copying this primer, whether as
quotes, sections, in part or in whole, please cite the part and the source using this
citation information: |
Barbara Starfield, M.D., M.P.H. Thomas A. Parrino, M.D. Elwood Headley, M.D. Carol Ashton, M.D., M.P.H. |
Purpose of Primer Series: to help bridge the gap among health services researchers, policymakers, managers and clinicians in an effort to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care for veterans. The primer series is part of a larger set of dissemination initiatives developed by the Department of Veterans Affairs' Management Decision and Research Center in collaboration with the Foundation for Health Services Research.
Purpose of "Primary Care in VA": to provide a common framework for conceptualizing, implementing and assessing primary care. Using a question and answer format, the primer provides an overview of primary care and its appropriate role in a health care system. The primer is not an exhaustive text on primary care and it is not a how-to manual. However, a select list of more in-depth reference materials is provided in the text of the primer.
Suggested Audience: VA hospital and health care system managers working to develop primary care programs including administrators, clinical managers and policymakers.
Suggested Uses: individual study, discussion at medical staff meetings, orientation for primary care planning committees in VA medical centers and integrated service networks, primary care training programs designed for specialists unfamiliar with primary care concepts, orientation for medical residents, and resource document for VA strategic planning.
Boston, Massachusetts
, September 1995Barbara Starfield, M.D., M.P.H. Dr. Starfield is a health services researcher whose work focuses on primary care and on the impact of the health care system on the health of populations. She has won many awards for her research contributions to health policy decisions. Dr. Starfield is University Distinguished Professor, Health Policy and Management Department and Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University.
Thomas A. Parrino, M.D. Dr. Parrino is Assistant Chief of Staff at Providence VA Medical Center and Professor of Medicine at Brown University. In 1994, Dr. Parrino chaired the Primary Care Working Group of VA's National Health Reform Project. Dr. Parrino is President of the National Association of VA Physician Ambulatory Managers, an organization dedicated to program development in primary and managed care.
Elwood Headley, M.D. Dr. Headley is Chief of Staff at Boston's VA Medical Center. Previously he served as Deputy Associate Deputy Chief Medical Director for Ambulatory Care and Acting Deputy Under Secretary for Health in VA Central Office. Dr. Headley has been involved actively in planning for managed care, primary care and VA's shift from inpatient to outpatient care.
Carol Ashton, M.D., M.P.H. Dr. Ashton is Associate Director of HSR&D's Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies at Houston VA Medical Center and Associate Professor at Baylor College of Medicine. Dr. Ashton's research focuses on hospital utilization, particularly readmissions, and how VA interacts with other segments of the U.S. medical care system.
Kenneth W. Kizer, M.D., M.P.H. As Under Secretary for Health in the Department of Veterans Affairs, Dr. Kizer is responsible for managing the Veterans Health Administration, the nation's largest integrated health care system. Among Dr. Kizer's previous positions are Chairman, Department of Community and International Health, University of California, Davis; Director, California Department of Health Services; Chairman of the Board, The California Wellness Foundation; and Director, Health Systems International, Inc. Dr. Kizer's special areas of interest include health promotion and primary care.
Acknowledgements. Appreciation is extended to colleagues throughout VA for their thoughtful comments in reviewing an earlier draft of the primer: Lori Bastian, M.D., Durham VA Medical Center; Joan E. Cummings, M.D., Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital (Hines, IL); John R. Feussner, M.D., Durham VA Medical Center; Stephan D. Fihn, M.D., M.P.H., Seattle VA Medical Center; Ronald J. Gebhart, M.D., Veterans Health Administration; Ralph Gigliotti, Chillicothe VA Medical Center (OH); Stephanie Hoffman, Ph.D., James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital (Tampa, FL); Catherine Legg, R.N., Alexandria VA Medical Center (LA); Rivkah Lindenfeld, R.N., Ph.D., Northport Regional Medical Education Center (NY); Thomas Meyer, M.D., Denver VA Medical Center; Jerome Olack, M.D., Fayetteville VA Medical Center (NC); Carole Pillinger, M.D., William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veteran's Hospital (Columbia, SC); Rose Mary Pries, M.S.P.H., St. Louis VA Medical Center; Arthur Robins, M.D., Boston VA Medical Center; and Nathan Trolinger, Oklahoma City VA Medical Center. Thanks also go to Carolyn Clancy, M.D., Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Since colonial days, the United States has provided some medical care and other support to persons who suffered as a result of their serving in the nation's uniformed services. The veterans health care system was originally established to treat combat related injuries and to help rehabilitate veterans with service-connected disabilities.
Over the years, the system has greatly expanded. Today, the Veterans Health Administration in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs manages the largest integrated health care delivery system in the United States, providing services to over 40 percent of the approximately 11 million veterans eligible for care. These services are provided at more than 950 government-owned and operated facilities, including hospitals, multispecialty clinics, nursing homes, counseling centers and other access points, as well as through myriad contractual and sharing arrangements with private health care providers, other government agencies and more than 100 medical schools and academic health centers.
Although the VA was initially slow in responding to the changing U.S. health care environment, it is now engaged in far-reaching and innovative changes in American health care. In fact, the veterans health care system is poised for one of the most profound transformations of any organization in American history.
One of the most important changes under way in the veterans health care system is the transition from being a bed-based, hospital inpatient system to one rooted in ambulatory care. Central to this transformation is a major expansion of VA's primary care capacity, i.e., assuring that each and every patient has a designated generalist physician or physician-led team of caregivers that is responsible for providing readily accessible, continuous, comprehensive and coordinated care.
This primer on Primary Care in VA is one of a number of efforts by VA to promote greater understanding and knowledge about primary care, both within and outside of VA, and to provide a common framework for conceptualizing, implementing and assessing primary care and its appropriate role in the "new VA." The primer succinctly describes many key aspects of primary care, and it provides guidance for accessing more detailed information about primary care.
I compliment the authors on producing this text and hope that administrators, physicians, house staff, nurses and many others will find it a valuable source of information.
Kenneth W. Kizer, M.D., M.P.H.
Under Secretary for Health
Department of Veterans Affairs
Through a series of questions and responses, this primer seeks to provide a basic understanding of primary care and its relationship to the larger health care system. After defining the generic concept of primary care and differentiating it from emergency care, specialty care, ambulatory care and managed care, the primer examines the current state of primary care within VA. Other primary care resources are listed for readers wanting more in-depth information.
Primary care is the "provision of continuous, comprehensive and coordinated care to populations undifferentiated by gender, disease or organ system."1 Primary care is an approach to organizing care for individuals and populations. Primary care is more than services provided in a physician's office. While many health care providers deliver services that are considered primary care, providing one or more specific primary care services does not necessarily constitute a primary care provider.
Textbook primary care is characterized by four key features that enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of services and differentiate it from other levels of health care services. These are:
accessible first-contact care, continuity over time, comprehensiveness, and coordination.2Accessible first-contact care. Primary care is the patient's point of first-contact with the health care system when a need for care is initially perceived. As the entrypoint into the system, primary care must be readily accessible to patients. Considerations such as proximity of the primary care delivery site to public transportation, availability of parking, wheelchair compatibility, cultural sensitivity and convenient office hours are examples of the many important factors that influence primary care accessibility.
Continuity over time. An ongoing relationship between a patient and a primary care provider (or team of providers) is the basis for continuity of care. A patient should receive all non-emergent and non-referred care, regardless of its nature, from the primary care provider. In instances when the primary care provider refers a patient to a specialist, continuity is still maintained. Continuity of care is achieved when patients receive person-focused, not disease-focused, care from the same provider over a period of time.
Comprehensiveness. No single primary care provider (or team of providers) can deliver all the services needed by the population. Clinical problems that fall outside the scope of primary care practice should be referred to other levels of service for advice, guidance or management. A set of criteria for deciding which kinds of problems should be referred to other providers (specialists) must be developed. Comprehensiveness of care is achieved when the primary care provider arranges for the full range of services to meet all but the uncommon health care needs of the population, i.e., unusual or unusually complex clinical problems.
Coordination. Care must be coordinated to avoid duplication of services, to enhance the efficiency of care, to prevent harm that may result when patients are given conflicting advice or therapies, and to preclude gaps in care. Coordination of care requires diligence by all caregivers and is facilitated when all information pertaining to the patient's health and health care is integrated and is easily retrievable. This coordination of information is often referred to as information transfer; it should occur regardless of where and under what circumstances information is generated by providers. Information transfer is enhanced by:
medical records augmented by lists of presenting problems and prescribed medications, computerized information systems, and patient-held records.In addition to primary care, health care systems provide other levels of care including emergency care and specialty care. These other types of care can be distinguished from primary care by several structural and process characteristics, although in practice their respective boundaries are not always clear-cut. The table below summarizes how key features of primary care relate to other levels of care within a health care system.
KEY FEATURES OF PRIMARY CARE |
LEVEL OF CARE | First-Contact | Continuity | Comprehensiveness | Coordination |
Primary Care | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes, primary care provider assumes responsibility for overall coordination. |
Emergency Care | Yes | No | No | Emergency care provider facilitates coordination by supplying information on encounter to primary care provider |
Specialty Care | No | Sometimes. For patients with certain medical conditions, continuity might be a feature of specialty care. |
No | Specialty care provider facilitates coordination by supplying information on encounter to primary care provider. For patients with certain medical conditions, specialty care provider might assume responsibility for overall coordination. |
Emergency care. Emergency care is required for sudden or unexpected illness or injury that needs immediate medical attention. Emergency services must be accessible 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and often involve assisted transportation.
Unfortunately, emergency care is often used inappropriately by patients as first-contact care for non-emergent medical needs. In emergency care, triage functions are critical; personnel must be trained to quickly recognize the severity of the presenting problem. Neither continuous nor comprehensive services are features of emergency care. A system for coordination, in which the emergency care giver passes along pertinent information to the primary care giver, must be in place.
Specialty care. Specialty care is of two types. The first type is consultative care to assist the primary care provider with the diagnosis or initiation or alteration of treatment strategies. For example, patients whose problems pose diagnostic dilemmas or who have unclear treatment protocols may be referred for one or two visits to a specialist to provide the basis for advice to the primary care provider.
The second type is highly specialized care provided to patients with illnesses that are too uncommon or complex for the primary care provider to maintain competence in their management. This type of specialty care is sometimes long term and requires assimilation of rapidly changing knowledge and developing technology.
First-contact care is not an important attribute of specialty care. Initial access to specialty care providers is controlled by referrals from the primary care provider. Thereafter, and by negotiation with the primary care provider, the patient may contact the specialty care provider directly for specific health care needs. Generally speaking, comprehensiveness is not an attribute of specialty care because specialty care, by definition, focuses on a specific medical problem; highly specialized providers generally lack experience dealing with the unique challenges of primary care. The specialist contributes to coordination by communicating relevant information to the primary care provider.
Primary care and ambulatory care are not the same. Not all primary care is ambulatory care, and not all ambulatory care is primary care. To illustrate, a primary care provider's responsibility for coordination does not end when a patient leaves the ambulatory care setting and is hospitalized. Similarly, a procedure performed by a specialist in an ambulatory care setting is not considered primary care, nor is the ongoing ambulatory care of, e.g., complicated cancer, being managed by a specialist.
The identifying characteristic of ambulatory care is the site in which it's delivered. Ambulatory care is care provided in all settings except hospital inpatient and other institutional settings. Ambulatory care can be delivered in: physician offices, hospital or freestanding outpatient diagnostic and surgical centers, urgent care centers, outpatient rehabilitation centers, outpatient drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers, homes, and hospices.
Advances in diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative services due to technological
and pharmaceutical breakthroughs have shifted many specific health care services from
inpatient to ambulatory or outpatient settings. Payer and consumer-driven factors, such as
cost-containment and convenience, also have influenced the growth of ambulatory services
in recent years. These ambulatory care trends, both technologically and economically
based, are expected to continue and even accelerate in the years ahead.
Return to Table of Contents
Primary care and managed care are not the same. Primary care is an approach to provide care to patients and managed care is a strategy to finance services.
Primary care providers are comparable to managed care's case-managers in the sense that both coordinate care as well as directly provide the majority of it. Managed care is not necessarily based on a primary care model. Managed care often does not place priority on maintaining continuity of the primary care practitioner over time or assuring services are sufficiently comprehensive to cover all health care needs of patients. Moreover, "managed care" is increasingly used for care of particular types of conditions (such as managed mental health care), whereas primary care is, by definition, care of patients regardless of what particular types of problem they have.
The growth of managed care in recent years is largely attributed to the drive for cost-containment and/or the pursuit of value in health care. Managed care seeks to create financial incentives for providers and/or patients to limit unnecessary utilization of services. Primary care, in contrast, is a concept that is independent of financial incentives, although primary care oriented health care systems have been shown to cost less than specialty oriented health care systems.3
Managed care is a broad term encompassing a diverse mix of health plans and systems. Managed care arrangements vary from highly structured health maintenance organizations (HMOs) to more loosely structured preferred provider organizations (PPOs) and point-of-service (POS) plans. By some definitions, even an indemnity plan having a pre-hospital certification requirement that is designed to ensure appropriate use of hospital care represents a form of managed care.
A description of the various roles assigned to primary care providers in three common managed care arrangements follows. These three arrangements are illustrative examples and are not intended to depict the seemingly infinite number of permutations of managed care that exist.
Role of Primary Care Provider in Common Managed Care Arrangements
This highly structured managed care
plan requires formal enrollment with a primary care provider in the network. HMOs include
staff models, group models and independent practice associations. A referral from the
primary care provider is required for all care. If an enrollee chooses to seek care
outside the HMO, he/she typically must bear the entire cost for the out-of-network care.
Although managed care may be organized with a solid primary care infrastructure, managed care arrangements can exist without being grounded in a primary care model. PPOs are evidence of this.
Similarly, primary care the provision of accessible, continuous, comprehensive and coordinated care certainly can exist in the absence of managed care. This is evidenced by the many primary care providers who are not in an HMO or POS plan and are not subject to any financial incentives to limit appropriate utilization, but do actively manage and coordinate care across the continuum for their patient population.
By the end of fiscal year 1996, all VA medical centers will have a primary care program in place.4
The Veterans Health Administration is working to adapt its delivery system to align VA with the changes occurring in the larger health care system. The vision for the "new VA" is premised on putting patients first, increasing primary care access points and integrating VA's delivery assets to provide a seamless continuum of care.
In some areas of the country, the building blocks needed to develop a solid primary care foundation within the VA health care system already exist. In other areas, VA needs to start from the beginning to build a primary care infrastructure.
Seven steps to designing a health care system with primary care as the cornerstone are:
Our country's approximate 26.5 million veterans are a heterogeneous group.6
About four percent of the veteran population is female and their median age is 45 years. This is significantly lower than the median age for male veterans which is 57 years.
The age range for all veterans is as follows:
- 24 percent are under 45 years;
- 44 percent are 45 to 64 years; and
- 32 percent are 65 years or older.
Of the 26.5 million veterans, approximately 10.5 million are eligible for health care through VA. Some of the VA eligible veterans have private health insurance or Medicare coverage. About 30 percent of all veterans have incomes at or below the poverty level and have no source of health care other than VA. Not all eligible veterans seek and receive care at VA medical centers; about 40 percent of the nation's eligible veterans use the VA health care system over a four-to-five year period some for all of their care and some for part of their care.
Recently, one medical center estimated that half of its regular users rely on VA for primary care, and the other half receive uncoordinated care from multiple VA and non-VA sources. Lack of a clearly defined and relatively static patient population makes needs assessments difficult, yet all the more important for VA medical centers to undertake.
Some veterans have service-connected conditions requiring highly specialized services, and some are socio-economically disadvantaged requiring a full range of medical and social services.
Documentation of all of the health problems of VA eligible veterans in a given service area may be particularly difficult for VA since many veterans have other sources of health care coverage and may never receive care from VA, or may use VA sporadically or only for certain specialized services. As a result, complete patient data on all VA eligible veterans, needed to document the distribution of health problems, are not captured in VA databases.
One strategy to help fill this information gap is to solicit self-reported health status data from a representative sample of veterans. One 1992 study of self-reported data found that more than 30 percent of veterans reported having high blood pressure and slightly more than eight percent reported having diabetes.7
Data on the health problems of the subset of veterans who use the VA system are more complete and more readily accessible than data on the entire VA eligible veteran population. This data, however, is less useful in documenting the distribution of health problems among veterans. One study of VA patients indicated that of all VA medical center discharges in fiscal year 1994, the most prevalent diseases were alcohol dependence syndrome (8 percent) and schizophrenic disorders (4 percent).8
The VA delivery system has traditionally focused on inpatient and specialty care and, as a result, is not yet appropriately staffed to provide primary care. The largest VA medical centers are dominated by specialty staff and the typical specialist-to-generalist ratio is ten-to-one. While the ideal specialist-to-generalist ratio needed to care for the veteran population is not known, most agree that a ten-to-one ratio is too high. Some analysts recommend a one-to-one ratio for the general population.
VA managers need to develop programs that ensure an adequate number of primary care providers including mid-level practioners and need to explore the appropriate balance between primary care providers and specialists for their population.
One strategy for achieving the appropriate mix of providers combines the use of VA and contract providers. For example, in some communities it might be cost-effective to provide specialty care on a contractual basis with non-VA providers, whereas in others it might be prudent to provide primary care services on a contractual basis. Another model retrains specialists to become primary care providers.
Due to limited resources and other considerations, VA's mission does not include being the sole health care system for all veterans. Most veterans receive the majority of their care, including primary care, outside VA. Since primary care planners are charged with designing a system to ensure that initial patient visits are to the designated primary care provider, it is, therefore, appropriate to channel resources to create accessible first-contact care for those VA patients who do not have a primary care provider outside VA.
To ensure that VA primary care providers are the point of first contact for non-emergency care for veterans who do not otherwise have a primary care provider, VA needs to develop its primary care capacity, educate hospital staff about the primary care model (e.g., referral protocols), and ensure that primary care is accessible. To accomplish the latter, educational outreach is needed to make veterans aware of how they can and should appropriately access care. In designing the system, attention must be paid to a customer service perspective, including office reception procedures and telephone protocols. See the chart below.
PRIMARY CARE CUSTOMER SERVICE PERSPECTIVE
Primary care must be responsive to customer needs if it is to be accessible first-contact care. From the veteran's perspective, accessible primary care often means:
- I always call the same office number
- I always go to the same place
- I always work with the same people
- I know that my caregiver will follow me in the hospital
- I know that my caregiver will be available to talk with me and my family about my problems when necessary (on the phone or in person)
Criteria for deciding which services should be referred to other providers (specialists) must be developed. Relevant considerations for some referral protocols include the frequency with which a practitioner treats the particular medical condition and the complexity of the diagnosis or treatment.
To establish a referral network, creation of a network committee is recommended. The primary care network should complement VA's existing system of specialty care with effective use of community resources. Community health and social service networks should be established as a part of the primary care continuum of care to sustain the veteran in the community setting, ideally in the patient's own home. Veterans have many private and public entitlements separate from VA eligibility, and these services should be considered when developing networks.
Responsibility for coordination of care must reside with a primary care provider or team of providers. One mechanism to facilitate coordination is to establish an information system that can be accessed by providers in the same or different locations. The information system must provide a record on each enrollee, his or her socio-demographic characteristics, a minimum data set on all clinical encounters and an identifier that permits linkage of the individual's encounter data over time. Without such a system, feedback to clinicians is incomplete and coordination of care is not feasible.
The Decision Support System, an executive information system currently being phased in throughout VA, will provide some patient-specific information that will enhance coordination of care. More sophisticated systems are needed, however, to ensure that relevant patient information is transmitted from VA physicians (when providing specialty care) to non-VA physicians acting in the capacity of a veteran's primary care provider.
Primary care providers must be accountable for organizing services to achieve first-contact care, continuity, comprehensiveness and coordination. Accountability requires that each of these four characteristics be definable and measurable and that acceptable standards or benchmarks be developed. This, in turn, requires the collection of several types of data, including population surveys, providers' administrative data and clinical information.
At the time a primary care program is first established and routinely thereafter, a system for measuring primary care needs to be operational. Indicators of how well primary care is being delivered are critical to guide program development, implementation and refinement and must be regularly communicated to providers and managers.
In developing benchmarks, data collection methods and sample size should be specified to assure comparability over time and across delivery sites. Two examples of how the four characteristics of primary care can be translated into measurable attributes follow.
- Coordination could be made measurable by monitoring how well specialty providers communicate information to primary care providers. A benchmark or acceptable standard for coordination of care should be specified, e.g., primary care providers should be notified within 24 hours of all emergency room visits or hospital admissions for patients on their panel. 9
- Accessible first-contact care could be made measurable by monitoring whether patients can reach the primary care provider by telephone when needed. A benchmark or acceptable standard for telephone access should be established, e.g., all calls for urgent problems must be returned within a certain number of hours and calls for routine queries within a specified timeframe.
When evaluating the accessibility of primary care, measurement should include some assessment of the entire VA eligible population, not just those who actually use services. People who have used services are less likely to experience access problems and are more likely to have good interactions with the health care system. Studying only users may bias the results, making access look more favorable than is the case. To achieve valid indicators when evaluating accessibility of its primary care systems, VA needs to query a subset of eligible veterans who do not receive care from VA.
A number of other examples of how to measure primary care exist. A primary care measurement tool designed to assess how well each of the four key features of primary care have been attained is being tested at The Johns Hopkins University's medical facilities and is expected to be available by the end of 1995. One version of the instrument was developed for telephone interviews of households in the community, and another was developed for self-administration by knowledgeable staff in health care facilities. This tool, adapted for VA use, may provide a means for monitoring the implementation of VA's growing primary care orientation.
Other measures that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of primary care programs include: tracking primary care sensitive admissions to hospitals, i.e., monitoring admissions for diagnoses that likely could have been successfully managed by a primary care provider, thus obviating the need for hospitalization, and other outcomes measures.
A number of VA medical centers have made primary care a high priority, despite constraints imposed by veteran eligibility regulations and a disproportionately high staff complement of specialty providers. The following models a large portion of which ascribe to a team approach to care represent advancements in attaining a primary care orientation. These are but a few of the many creative primary care programs within VA.
Examples of VA Medical Center Primary Care Initiatives
The program is organized around three patient-centered and self-directed work teams that function as independent small group practices. Customer service is a priority. The teams have clear responsibilities and accountability, as well as the authority to ensure that quality care is provided in a timely and cost effective manner.
Performance data is distributed to team providers on a regular basis.
The Sepulveda VA Medical Center's Pilot Ambulatory Care and Education (PACE) project, a more elaborate variant of the firm system, integrates the efforts of generalists and specialists by creating teams that follow patients from the outpatient setting into the hospital and when necessary, to long term care settings.
For a list of contacts who can provide more details about these VA medical center primary care initiatives, see Appendix A. Other examples are described in VA's Primary Care Resource Guide.11
A number of large-scale primary care projects have been completed or are under way throughout VA. Examples of large-scale efforts include VA's Primary Care Directive, the VA National Primary Care Training Program, the Primary Care Education Initiative, the new Chicago Area Network, Women Veterans Comprehensive Health Programs and the Ambulatory Care Education Project.
Examples of Large-scale Primary Care Initiatives
To achieve coordinated and integrated systems of care requires reworking VA's hospital-based system into a flexible health care system that is responsive to veterans' needs across the continuum of care. The transformation of the VA health care delivery system requires a solid foundation of primary care in which the primary care provider and VA are accountable for the accessibility, continuity, comprehensiveness and coordination of care to veterans.
Redirecting and restructuring resources to support primary care within VA presents a remarkable opportunity not only to improve the delivery of care for veterans, but also to work with medical schools in reorganizing training for medical students, residents and fellows. Progress made in primary care medical education also has implications for advanced training in the medical and surgical sub-specialties. New methods are necessary to prepare trainees for their roles as consultants and team members. Much more needs to be done to integrate the training of specialists and subspecialists into a comprehensive model for care.
As VA builds its primary care capacity and refines its delivery system, managers and policymakers at local, regional and national levels need solid data on how to use staff and other resources to best meet the continuum of veterans' health care needs. Health services research can play an integral part in reshaping the VA health care system. Research can inform VA decisionmakers about primary care and under what circumstances various primary care models work in an effort to improve access, quality and cost-effectiveness of care to the nation's veterans.
1. Kimball, H., and P. Young. "A Statement on the Generalist Physician from the American Boards of Family Practice and Internal Medicine." Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994; 271:315-6.
2. Starfield, B. Primary Care: Concept, Evaluation, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press. 1992.
3. Starfield, B. "Is Primary Care Essential?" Lancet. 1994; 344: 1129-33.
4. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Guidance for the Implementation of Primary Care in Veterans Health Administration. VHA Directive 10-94-100. October 6, 1994.
5. Adapted from Starfield, B. Primary Care: Concept, Evaluation, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press. 1992.
6. Department of Veterans Affairs. Annual Report of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Fiscal Year 1994. Washington, DC. March 1995.
7. Department of Veterans Affairs. National Survey of Veterans. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. April 1995:35.
8. Petersen, N.J. "The Most Prevalent Diseases for Patients Discharged from VA Medical Centers, FY 94." Technical Report: HCQ-CUS-95-03, Houston Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies. 1995.
9. Parrino, T.A. "White Paper: Models for Primary Care." (Proceedings from 1993 National Association of VA Physician Ambulatory Managers Meeting, Arlington, VA.) Submitted for publication.
10. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Telephone Liaison Care Program (TLCP). VHA Directive 10-94-022. October 1994.
11. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Cost Containment, Primary Care Resource Guide. August 1995.
Contacts for more information about local VA medical center primary care initiatives:
Use of physician assistants and nurse practitioners: | Cynthia Joe, M.D., Acting Associate Chief of Staff
for Ambulatory Care (11C), John L. McClellan VA Medical Center, 4300 West 7th Street,
Little Rock, AR 72205-5484, FTS (700) 742-1202, Com (501) 660-2022, Fax (501) 671-2529 Thomas A. Parrino, M.D., Assistant Chief of Staff (11), Providence VA Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908-4799, FTS (700) 838-3483, Com (401)457-3045, Fax (401) 457-3363 Cheryl Fitzgerald, R.N., N.P., Operations Manager for Primary Care (11B),Providence VA Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908-4799, FTS (700) 838-3483, Com (401) 457-3045, Fax (401) 457-3363 |
Multidisciplinary primary care program: | Carter Mechner, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), North
Chicago VA Medical Center, 3001 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, FTS (700)
384-3701, Com (708) 578-3701, Fax (708) 578-3737 James Tuchschmidt, M.D., Chief, Medical Service & Director, Managed Care, (111), North Chicago VA Medical Center, 3001 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, FTS (700) 384-3879, Com (708) 578-3879, Fax (708) 578-3863 |
Community-based primary care network: | Gerald Holman, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Amarillo VA Medical Center, 6010 Amarillo Boulevard West, Amarillo, TX 79106, FTS (700) 735-7711, Com (806) 354-7803, Fax (806) 354-7860 |
Use of data to improve primary care: | David Lee, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Boise VA
Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street, Boise, ID 83702-4598, FTS (700) 554-7201, Com (208)
338-7201, Fax (208) 338-7257 Scott Smith, M.D., Chief of Internal Medicine (111), Boise VA Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street, Boise, ID 83702-4598, FTS (700) 554-7220, Com (208) 338-7220, Fax (208) 338-7219 Thomas A. Parrino, M.D., Assistant Chief of Staff (11), Providence VA Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908-4799, FTS (700) 838-3483, Com (401)457-3045, Fax (401) 457-3363 Cheryl Fitzgerald, R.N., N.P., Operations Manager for Primary Care (11B), Providence VA Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908-4799, FTS (700) 838-3483, Com (401) 457-3045, Fax (401) 457-3363 |
Firm systems: | Alan Robbins, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Charleston
VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29403-5799, FTS (700) 259-7202, Com
(803) 577-5011 ext. 7202, Fax (803) 937-6100 (formerly with Sepulveda VA Medical Center's
Firm system) Dennis Cope, M.D., Associate Chief of Staff (11), Charleston VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29403-5799, FTS (700) 259-7304, Com (803) 577-5011 ext. 7457, Fax (803) 937-6100 (formerly with Sepulveda VA Medical Center's Firm system) John Aucott, M.D., Chief, General Internal Medicine and Director, VA Firm System 111(W), Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, FTS (700) 290-3800, Com (216) 791-3800 ext. 4816, Fax (216)231-3289 Thomas A. Parrino, M.D., Assistant Chief of Staff (11), Providence VA Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908-4799, FTS (700) 838-3483, Com (401)457-3045, Fax (401) 457-3363 Cheryl Fitzgerald, R.N., N.P., Operations Manager for Primary Care (11B), Providence VA Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908-4799, FTS (700) 838-3483, Com (401) 457-3045, Fax (401) 457-3363 David Lee, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Boise VA Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street, Boise, ID 83702-4598, FTS (700) 554-7201, Com (208) 338-7201, Fax (208) 338-7257 Scott Smith, M.D., Chief of Internal Medicine (111), Boise VA Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street, Boise, ID 83702-4598, FTS (700) 554-7220, Com (208) 338-7220, Fax (208) 338-7219 |
PACE project: | Alan Robbins, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Charleston
VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29403-5799, FTS (700) 259-7202, Com
(803) 577-5011 ext. 7202, Fax (803) 937-6100 Dennis Cope, M.D., Associate Chief of Staff (11), Charleston VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29403-5799, FTS (700) 259-7304, Com (803) 577-5011 ext. 7457, Fax (803) 937-6100 |
Greater use of general internists: | William Berryman, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Grand
Junction VA Medical Center, 2121 North Avenue, Grand Junction, CO 81501, FTS (700)
322-0261, Com (303) 242-0731, Fax (303) 244-1303 David Lee, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Boise VA Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street, Boise, ID 83702-4598, FTS (700) 554-7201, Com (208) 338-7201, Fax (208) 338-7257 Scott Smith, M.D., Chief of Internal Medicine (111), Boise VA Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street, Boise, ID 83702-4598, FTS (700) 554-7220, Com (208) 338-7220, Fax (208) 338-7219 |
Preventive care reminder systems: | William Tierney, M.D., HSR&D Service (11H),
Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 West Tenth Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202,
FTS (700) 332-2206, Com (317)635-7401 ext. 2887, Fax (317) 269-6392 Dan Berlowitz, M.D., M.P.H., Associate Director, Center for Aging Veterans(152), Edith Nourse Rogers Veterans Hospital, 200 Springs Road, Building 70, Bedford, MA 01730, FTS (700) 687-2962, Com (617) 687-2962, Fax (617) 275- 6855 Stephen Fihn, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Northwest Center for Outcomes Research (152), VA Medical Center, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, FTS (700) 396-2420, Com (206) 764-2420, Fax (206) 764-2935 |
Telephone Liaison Care Programs: | Traci Fox, R.N., M.S., Ambulatory Care Nursing
Supervisor (118-P), or Lisa Cochran, Ambulatory Care Hospital Based Clinic Manager
(11C-OPC), Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 Southwest U.S. Veterans Hospital Road, P.O.
Box 1034, Portland, OR 97207, FTS (700) 424-7300, Com (503) 273-5300, Fax (503) 293-2963 Jana Conlin, R.N., Nurse Manager for Telephone Communication Systems (118), Minneapolis VAMC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, FTS (700) 780-1694, Com (612) 725-1694, Fax (612) 725-2196 |
Contacts for more information about VA's large-scale primary care initiatives:
Primary Care Directive: | Ronald J. Gebhart, M.D., Deputy Associate Deputy Chief Medical Director for Ambulatory Care (112), VA Central Office, 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20420, FTS (700) 565-7242, Com (202) 565-7242, Fax (202) 565-4153 |
National Primary Care Training Program: | Ronald J. Gebhart, M.D., Deputy Associate Deputy
Chief Medical Director for Ambulatory Care (112), VA Central Office, 810 Vermont Avenue,
N.W., Washington, DC 20420, FTS (700) 565-7242, Com (202) 565-7242, Fax (202) 565-4153 Elwood Headley, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Boston VA Medical Center, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, FTS (700) 839-4000, Com (617) 232- 9500 ext. 5276, Fax (617) 278-4549 Rose Mary Pries, M.S.P.H., CHES, National Coordinator for Patient Education (14B-JB), St. Louis VA Medical Center, 915 North Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63016, FTS (700) 278-4100, Com (314) 894-6534, Fax (314) 894-6573 Rivkah Lindenfeld, R.N., Ph.D, Director, Regional Medical Education Center (141-D), VA Medical Center, 79 Middleville Road, Northport, NY 11768, FTS (700) 663-4400, Com (516) 261-4400 ext. 2900, Fax (516) 754-7996 |
Primary Care Education Initiative: | Elizabeth M. Short, M.D., Associate Chief Medical
Director for Academic Affairs (14), VA Central Office, 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20420, FTS (700) 656-7091, Com (202) 565-7091, Fax (202) 565-7522 Gloria Holland, Ph.D., Special Assistant to the Associate Chief Medical Director for Academic Affairs (14C), Office of Academic Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs, 801 I Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20420, FTS (700) 656-7525, Com (202) 565-7525, Fax (202)565-7522 |
Chicago Area Network: | Joan Cummings, M.D., Director, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital (00), 5th Avenue and Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, FTS (700) 381-2500, Com (708) 343-7200 ext. 5639, Fax (708) 381-2506 |
Women Veterans Comprehensive Health Program: | Susan Mather, M.D., Associate Chief Medical Director for Public Health and Environmental Hazards (116), Department of Veterans Affairs, 801 I Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20420, FTS (700) 656-4182, Com (202) 565-4182, Fax (202) 565-7572 |
Ambulatory Care Education: | David Lee, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Boise VA
Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street, Boise, ID 83702-4598, FTS (700) 554-7201, Com (208)
338-7201, Fax (208) 338-7257 David Nardone, M.D., Associate Chief of Staff for Ambulatory Care (11C), Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 Southwest U.S. Veterans Hospital Road, P.O. Box 1034, Portland, OR 97207, FTS (700) 424-7300, Com (503) 721-7897, Fax (503) 721-7942 Alan Robbins, M.D., Chief of Staff (11), Charleston VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29403-5799, FTS (700) 259-7202, Com (803) 577-5011 ext. 7202, Fax (803)937-6100 Dennis Cope, M.D., Associate Chief of Staff (11), Charleston VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29403-5799, FTS (700) 259-7304, Com (803) 577-5011 ext. 7457, Fax (803) 937-6100 |
To obtain additional copies of Primary Care in VA, please visit the Publications and Reports page of the US Department of Veterans Affairs Research And Development Web Site.
or contact:
Publications Coordinator
Management Decision and Research Center (152M)
Boston VA Medical Center, Bldg. 4
150 So. Huntington Avenue
Boston, MA 02130
email: MDRC.Boston@med.va.gov
FTS (700) 839-4433
Com (617) 278-4433
Fax (617) 278-4438
or click here to send email to the MDRC
MDRC, FHSR and the authors are interested in your comments on Primary Care in VA, the primer series in general and any suggestions for future primer topics. Please copy and complete the form below and mail, or fax to :
Information Dissemination Program
Management Decision and Research Center (152M)
Boston VA Medical Center, Bldg. 4
150 So. Huntington Avenue
Boston, MA 02130
Fax (617) 278-4438
or click here to send email to the MDRC
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